Here's something stranger than history: Marie Antoinette never said "Let them eat cake". That's just something that her political opponents made up, to make her sound elitist. *nods*
The phrase can actually be traced back to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's
Confessions in 1765, 24 years
before the French Revolution, when Antoinette was nine years old and had never been to France. The phrase was not attributed to Antoinette until about 50 years after her death.
Rousseau actually wrote that "a great princess ... upon being told that the peasants had no bread, said
'Qu'ils mangent de la brioche'." Brioche is a bread enriched with butter and eggs, and considered a luxury food. So yes, the quote reflects either this princess's frivolous disregard for the starving peasants or her poor understanding of their plight.
However, Rousseau does not name the "great princess", and he may have invented the anecdote altogether, as the
Confessions is not considered entirely factual.
Anti-monarchists during the French Revolution never cited this anecdote, but it nevertheless acquired great symbolic importance in subsequent historical accounts when pro-revolutionary commentators employed the phrase to denounce the upper classes of the Ancien Régime as oblivious and greedy.
As one biographer of the Queen notes, it was a particularly powerful phrase because "the staple food of the French peasantry and the working class was bread, absorbing 50 percent of their income, as opposed to 5 percent on fuel; the whole topic of bread was therefore the result of obsessional national interest."
So why was this phrase attributed to Marie Antoinette specifically? It's very simple:
In the final years before the Revolution, Antoinette was very unpopular. During her marriage to Louis XVI, her critics often cited her perceived frivolousness and very real extravagance as factors that significantly worsened France's dire financial straits. Her Austrian birth and her sex also diminished her credibility further in a country where xenophobia and chauvinism were beginning to exert major influence in national politics.
While the causes of France's economic woes extended far beyond the royal family's spending, anti-monarchist polemics demonized Marie Antoinette as
Madame Déficit, who had single-handedly ruined France's finances. These
libellistes printed stories and articles vilifying her family and their courtiers with exaggerations, fictitious anecdotes, and outright lies. In the tempestuous political climate, it would have been a natural slander to put the famous words into the mouth of the widely scorned queen.
It should also be noted that Marie Antoinette was a generous patron of charity and moved by the plight of the poor when it was brought to her attention, thus making the statement out of character for her. For instance, in April-May 1775 there were serious bread shortages, causing widespread riots in northern, eastern and western France. These were known at the time as the Flour War (
guerre des farines). Letters from Marie Antoinette to her family in Austria at this time reveal an attitude largely contrary to the spirit of
Let them eat brioche:
It is quite certain that in seeing the people who treat us so well despite their own misfortune, we are more obliged than ever to work hard for their happiness. The King seems to understand this truth.
To sum up: it's not only
unlikely that Marie Antoinette said "Let them eat cake", it also seems
impossible.
